Art History

 IMPRESSIONISM 

INTRODUCTION

•Display lighting effects that are strong

•Emphasis in appearance colour and not from

•Bring about line impact that is strong in impressionism

•Emerge onto century 19

•From Paris in year 1860 an

•Painter Impressionism bans black because considered not part from light.

•Impressionism history plastic arts in history change Paris

•By Napoleo, Academic Des, Beaux-art

•Dominate activity in century.

FIGURE IN IMPRESSIONISM TIME 

 Oscar-Claude Monet (French: 14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a founder of French Impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting.[1][2] The term "Impressionism" is derived from the title of his painting Impression, soleil Levant (Impression, Sunrise), which was exhibited in 1874 in the first of the independent exhibitions mounted by Monet and his associates as an alternative to the Salon de Paris.

   

FIRST "IMPRESSIONIST" EXHIBITION

- Artist  : [Show] Claude Monet (1840–1926) Link back to Creator info box template wiki-data: Q296

- Title English: Impression, Sunrise

- Date:  1872

- Medium: oil on canvas

- Dimensions:  48 × 63 cm (18.9 × 24.8 in)

- Current location: Musée Marmottan Monet Paris.

- Name: Pierre-Auguste Renoir

- Birth place: Limoges, France

- Date born: February 25, 1841

- Piere-Auguste Renoir

- The Theater box

- Oil on canvas

- 1874

- 127x92cm (50 x 36.2 inc)

N  Name: Paul Cézanne biography

q          - Birth date: January 19, 18

q          - Date born: Aix-en-Provence,France

  - Paul Cézanne biography

q           - Still Life with a Curtain

q           - Oil on canvas

q           - 1898

q           - 55 × 74.5 cm (21.7 × 29.3 in)

PAINTING IN IMPRESSIONISM TIME

- Edgar Degas

- The Belleilli Family

- Oil on canvas

- 79 inch x100 inch

- 1858-1867

- Gustave Caillebotte

- Paris Street

- Oil on canvas

- 212.2 x 276.2 cm

- 1877

Ø Camille Pissavo

Ø    - Young Peasant Woman Drinking her Café au Lait

Ø    - Oil on canvas

Ø    - 65.3 x 54.8 cm

Ø    - 1881

Ø Claude Monet

Ø      -Bordighera

Ø      -Oil on canvas

Ø      -65 x 80.8 cm

Ø      -1884

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Timeline

Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society

1887

·        Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society was molded in London in 1887 encouraging the exhibition decorative art beside fine arts.

1888-90

·        The exhibitions, held annually in New Gallery from 1888-90, and approximately triennial after that.

·        British Arts and Crafts Movement in decade before World War

·        Illustrator and Walter Crane's designer works as Society founder president to the three first year.

·        Goals and the purposes, he writes.

Walter Crane

Born : 15 August 1845

Liverpool, Lancashire, England

Died 14 March 1915 (aged 69)

Horsham, West Sussex, England

Nationality:     English

Field Children's Literature

Awards     Albert Medal (1904)

1888, 1889

 ·        Annual exhibition has been held in New Gallery

1890

·        But failed third exhibition to compete first quality two, and is a financial disaster.

1891

·        William Morris is successful Crane as president deep

·        And Society after that choose reduce display frequency so that ensure a material abundance display.

William Morris

Born : 24 March 1834

Walthamstow, England

Died 3 October 1896 (aged 62)

London, England

Occupation: Artist, designer, writer, socialist

Known for Wallpaper and textile design, fantasy fiction / medievalism, socialism

Notable work(s): News from Nowhere, The Well at the World's End

1893

·        Fourth exhibition, hold far more successful,

1896

·        And five—although exhibition clouded by William Morris's death in the planned opening day—proved become him most influential.

1899

·        Exhibition 1899 show a Morris retrospective.

1903

·        Another successful exhibition had been held in 1903, but Society experiences organizational problems in new century, with exhibition 1906, 1910, 1912 and 1916

·        Each held at a different location.

1915

·        Crane passed away in 1915,

1915-1922

·         Architect and Henry Wilson's designer was president from 1915 to 1922,

Henry Wilson

In office

4 March 1873 – 22 November 1875

President  Ulysses S. Grant

Preceded by      Schuyler Colfax

Succeeded by     William A. Wheeler

United States Senator

From Massachusetts

In office

31 January 1855 – 4 March 1873

Preceded by      Julius Rockwell

Succeeded by     George S. Boutwell

Chairman of the

Senate Committee on Military Affairs

In office

4 March 1861 – 4 March 1873

Preceded by      Jefferson Davis

Succeeded by     John A. Logan

Personal details

Born : Jeremiah Jones Colbath

February 16, 1812

Farmington, New Hampshire

Died November 22, 1875 (aged 63)

Washington, D.C.

Nationality      American

Political party Republican

Spouse(s)  Harriet Malvina Howe Wilson

Religion   Congregationalist

1890

·        But exhibition never recovered critical success and artistic 1890s.

1893

·        Association issue Arts and Crafts Essays, an influential collection of essays in decorative art by the members, in 1893. Contributor include Morris, Crane, T. J. Cobden Sanderson, Ford Maddox Brown, and May Morris.

Imogen Hart, "On the Arts and Crafts Exhibition
Society"

Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society 
• Making new claims and ambitious for decorative art public interest.
• Although 19th century witness a dramatic increase in available display space total for artist, these opportunities enjoyed especially by painter and, to some extent, sculptor.
• Artist that medium dropping into decorative art category called (which including ceramics, textile, metalwork, furniture, and glassware, between other media) profitable less from developments and this felt marginalized by system. 
• Imbalance have both finance implications and ideological.

• At the same time, many such artists’ desire social status and intellectual are achieved by fine painter when their work critical praise received in Royal Academy's exhibition, Society of Artists, or Grosvenor Gallery, calling for some examples. (Looking BRANCH essays about for further information in these institutions.
• For example Pamela Fletcher, "On Rise Commercial Art Gallery in London. 

1851
• Meanwhile decoration artists indeed find way display work—at the Exhibition Great 1851 and the successor, for example, or by contributed to public internal like refreshment room in Museum—there South Kensington not permanent exhibition place.
• Same conditions, because their painter colleagues may be eliminated fine arts exhibitions that are prestigious. (In Exhibition Great, see Audrey Jaffe.

1887
• This is gap that Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society designed to fill.
• Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society has been established in 1887 and open exhibition first in Gallery Now, Street Regent, 

1 October, 1888
• On 1 October, 1888. Art and crafts exhibition held annually until 1890. When it becomes obviously that more than a year needed to generate a showpiece new supply, exhibition continue triennially.

1899
• Until 1899. A space of four years then took place—explained by Society involvement in 1902 Exhibition— Turin

1903
• Before exhibition that will come in 1903, after that triennial pattern is accepted back, with longer gap once in a while.

1959
• Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society stores his name until 1959, when it becomes Society of Designer Craftsmen.
• Like most large organization, Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society is formed from a few various groups,
• Causing internal conflict break. 
• The basic tension produce exhibition of a feature markedly different in a short period quite. 
• For example, one of the debate key revolves around Society attitude to commercial transaction that experience important change. 
• At first have no price was admitted in exhibition catalogue, and while Society agrees register buy, it will "conduct no responsibility, one of the regarding payment, or for delivery work" 

(Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society 1889 104)

• However, in 1893, Secretary is ready to take buyer details and receive one reserve of twenty five percentages, and from 1903, price was displayed.

PRIVATE PRESS

To 19- and 20

·        Period "private press" usually used to consult a movement in book production that is developed in 19th and 20th centuries turn under master influence "William Morris's skilled workers, Tuan Emery Walker and their follower.

1890

·        Movement usually considered had begun with Press Kelmscott Morris's establishment in 1890.

1888

·        Following a lecture on printing given by Walker in Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society in November 1888.

·        That in the movement involved create book by traditional printing and binding method, with a push to the book as a work of art and manual skill, and a medium for information delivery.

·        Morris really influenced by ancient printed book and 'Kelmscott style' if one large, and not ever positive, influence in pressure the later private and commercial book "they.

·        Movement is an Arts and Crafts movement branch, and represent a rejection that is cheap mechanize book production methods which developed in Victorian.

·        Book had been made with high quality materials (hand-made paper, traditional sign and, in several cases, specially designed typeface), and invariably tied with hand.

·        Meticulous considerations given to format, page design, type, example and tie, to produce one overall which combine.

1930

·        Movement decrease during recession whole 1930s world, as market for luxury goods evaporated.

1950

·        Since 1950 s, there has become one resurgence of interest, especially between artist, in copying printing experiment use, paper production and give " bookbinding in issuing ‘artists’ book small editions, and between amateur (and some professionals) fan for ways print that traditional and for own printing movement output value.

HISTORY OF POSTER

What is poster?

·        A poster is a “public” piece of paper conveying information through text (words) and/or graphic images (symbols or pictures).

·        It’s usually designed to be displayed vertically and is large enough to be seen and read from a relatively short distance.

·        Its main target audience is the person walking by.

·        A poster must convey its message with immediacy and purpose, because people on the street are often in a hurry.

·        Posters may also appear in much smaller versions, sometimes like a postcard, and are called handbills.

·        Whatever the size or shape, posters have a job to do and that is to convey information.

When the poster begin?

·        The first posters were created in the mid-19th century in France.

·         As advertisements for new products.

·        In less than ten years, the use of posters spread from France throughout the rest of Europe.

·        They were also used for promotional purposes for theater, and operas shows and major events in Paris and the throughout France.

The first people make a poster

·        Jules Chéret the first person make a poster.  

·        At age thirteen, he began a three-year apprenticeship with a lithographer and then he take an art course at the École Nationale de Dessin.

·        From 1859 to 1866, he was trained in lithography in London, England.

Birth name: Jules Chéret
Born: 31 May 1836 Paris, France
Died    23 September 1932 (aged 96)
Nationality      French
Field: Lithography, Poster art
Training: École Nationale de Dessin
Movement: Art Nouveau
Awards: Légion d'honneur

Orphee aux enfers poster (1858)

1870

·        When the printing industry perfected color lithography and made mass production possible.

·        According to the French historian Max Gallo, "for over two hundred years, posters have been displayed in public places all over the world.

·         Visually striking, they have been designed to attract the attention of passers-by, making us aware of a political viewpoint, enticing us to attend specific events, or encouraging us to purchase a particular product or service.

·        Writes poster expert John Barnicoat, "it has come to be recognized as a vital art form, attracting artists at every level, from painters

1796

·        The technique lithography have been invented by the German Alois Senefelder.

·        The invention of lithography was soon followed by chromolithography, which allowed for mass editions of posters illustrated in vibrant colors to be printed.

·        Lithography is a method of printing originally based on the principle that oil and water do not mix.

·        Chromolithography is a method for making multi-colour prints. This type of colour printing stemmed from the process of lithography, and it includes all types of lithography that are printed in colour. When chromolithography is used to reproduce photographs, the term photochrome is frequently used. Lithographers sought to find a way to print on flat surfaces with the use of chemicals instead of relief or intaglio printing.

Commercial uses

·        By the 1890s poster art had widespread usage in other parts of Europe, advertising everything from bicycles to bullfights.

·        By the end of the 19th century, during an era known as the Belle Époque, the standing of the poster as a serious artform was raised even further.

1895 and 1900

·        Jules Chéret created the Maîtres de l'Affiche (Masters of the Poster) series that became not only a commercial success, but is now seen as an important historical publication.

·        Alphonse Mucha and Eugène Grasset were also influential poster designers of this generation, known for their Art Nouveau style and stylized figures, particularly of women.

·        Advertisement posters became a special type of graphic art in the modern age.

·         Poster artists such as Théophile Steinlen, Albert Guillaume, Leonetto Cappiello, Henri Thiriet and others became important figures of their day, their art form transferred to magazines for advertising as well as for social and political commentary.

·        In the United States, posters did not evolve to the same artistic level.

·        American posters were primarily directed towards basic commercial needs to deliver a written message.

1960

·        The great turmoil also produced great posters.

·        The rise of pop art and protest movements throughout the West; both made great use of posters.

·         Posters were those produced by French students during the so-called "événements" of May 1968.

·        After the September 11 attacks, public schools across the United States posted "In God We Trust" framed posters in their "libraries, cafeterias and classrooms."

A framed poster displaying the national motto of the United States, "In God We Trust," in a New Philadelphia High School classroom.

Poster printing

·        Many printing techniques are used to produce posters.

·        While most posters are mass-produced, posters may also be printed by hand or in limited editions.

·        Most posters are printed on one side and left blank on the back, the better for affixing to a wall or other surface.

·        Pin-up sized posters are usually printed on A3 Standard Silk paper in full color.

·        Upon purchase, most commercially available posters are often rolled up into a cylindrical tube to allow for damage-free transportation.

·        Rolled-up posters can then be flattened under pressure for several hours to regain their original form.

Types of poster designs

·        Posters, were used for advertising products.

·        Posters continue to be used for this purpose, with posters advertising films, music (both concerts and recorded albums), comic books, and travel destinations being particularly notable examples.

Propaganda and political posters

1989

·        In the Central and Eastern Europe the poster was very important weapon in the hand of the opposition. 

·        Brave printed and hand-made political posters appeared on the Berlin Wall, on the statue of St. Wenceslas in Prague and around the unmarked grave of Imre Nagy in Budapest and the role of them were indispensable for the democratic change.

·        An example of an influential political poster is Shepard Fairey's Barack Obama "HOPE" poster.

Barack Obama "HOPE" poster

Birth name: Frank Shepard Fairy

Born: February 15, 1970 (age 44) Charleston, South Carolina

Field: Public art, Stencilling

Training: Rhode Island School of Design

Works: Andre the Giant has a Posse, Obey Giant, Hope, Rock the Vote

Movie posters

·        Metropolis was filmed in 1925, at a cost of approximately five million Reichsmarks.

·         Thus, it was the most expensive film ever released up to that point.

·        The film was met with a mixed response upon its initial release, with many critics praising its technical achievements and social metaphors while  others derided its "simplistic and naïve" presentation.

·         Directed by: Fritz Lang

·         Produced by: Erich Pommer

·         Written by: Thea von Harbou Fritz Lang (uncredited)

·         Starring: Alfred Abel, Brigitte Helm, Gustav Fröhlich, Rudolf Klein-Rogge

o   Rudolf Klein-Rogge

·         Designer: Heinz Schulz-Neudamm (1898-1969)

  Avant Garde Typography

Introduction

·         In French front guard, advance guard or, or vanguard.

·         The origin of the application of this French term to art can be fixed at may 17, 1863, the opening of the Salon Des Resfuses in Paris.

·         Salon Des Resfuses were held in 1874, 1875, and 1886.

·         This concept is applied to the work done by small bands of intellectual artist as they open pathways through new cultural or political terrain for society to follow.

·         Due to implied meanings stemming from the military terminology, some people feel the avant-garde implies elitism, especially when used to describe cultural movements.

·         The term may also refer to the promotion of radical social reform, the aims of its various movements presented in public declarations called manifestos.

·         Over time, Avant- grade became associated with movements concerned with art for art’s sake, focusing primarily on expanding the frontiers of aesthetic experience, rather than with wider social reform.

ALEXANDER RODCHENKOL (1891-1956)

·         Appearing after Russian revolution .

·         Working as a painter and designer .

·         Born in Petersburg ST labour family that transfer to Kazan, after the father's death1989.

·         1910, he first learned Nicrlai under and Medveder georgi in Kazan gemi's school .

·         he dies in Mascow year 1956 .

1920-1923

·         He becomes productivits member of a group, with Stepnova and gan Aleksei .

·         He in affect by idea and Dzign film practice, Vertor, and intensitf .

·         Rodchenkol have cooperated closely with Moyakausky .

·         Many his picture emerge to cover journal .

·         He and stepnova on the other hand Mossaprom's famous painting panel in Moscow building .

 1923-1942

·         With guideline change which administers practice of the arts, focus in photography,sports, and procession image and others .

·         He back photograph and produce works expression that abstract, he continue to toilphotography exhibition for the government .

Example picture :

BAUHAUS (1919-1941)

·         Was founded in 1919 in the city of Weimar by German Architect Walter Gropius.

·         Gropius developed a craft- based curriculum that would turn out artisans and designer capable of cheating useful and beautiful objects appropriate to this new system of living.

1925

·         Bauhaus moved from Weimar to Dresses, where Gropius designed, new building to house the school.

·         The building contained many featured that later became hallmarks of modernist architecture ,including steel –frame construction , a glass curtain wall , and an asymmetrical , pin wheel plan ,throughout Gropius distributed studio , classroom , and administrative space for maximum efficiency and spatial logic .

Example picture :

CONSTRUCTIVISM (1914-1920)

·         Last and most influential modern art movement to flourish in Russia in the 20 the century.

·         Bolsheviks came to power in the October revolution of 1917 .

·         Constructivism called for a careful technical analysis of modern materials ,and it was hoped that this investigation would eventually yield ideas that could be pat to use in mass production , serving the ends of a modern community ,and society.

·         Constructivism was in decline by the mid 1920 ,party a victim of the Bolsheviks regime is increasing hostility to avant-garde art .But it would continue to be an inspiration in the west .

Example picture :

DADAISM (1914-1920)

·         A conflict that claimed the lives of eight million military personnel and an estimated equal number of civilians.

·         Artist in Zurich, New York, Cologne, Hanover, and Paris declared on all-out, assault against not only on conventional definitions. Of art but on rational thought itself.

·         The artist affiliated with dada did not share a common style or practice so much as the wish ,as expressed by French artist jean arp , “ to destroy the hoaxes of reason and to discover an unreasoned order” .

Example picture:

ROUL HOUSMANN (1886-1971)

·         He is responsible for many contributions to the group that be reduced to a single medium.

·         As a visual artist, he was painter, drawer, sculptor, photographer, and photomontages.

·         He also vehemently opposed expressionism with its inward perspective and self – absorbed nature.

·         He was also a poet, journalist, historian, theorist, writer, actor, and critic.

·         Raoul Housmann was born in Vienna where his father trained him as traditional artist.

·         In 1901, at the age of fourteen, Raoul Housmann moved to Berlin .At the time, he created his oldest known work, a self-portrait of the artist.

Example picture:

JOHN HEARTFIELD / HELMUT HERZFELD (1891-1968)

·         Heart fields the band has 5 fingers.

·         Heart field was dismissed from the Reichwehr film service because of his support for the strike that followed the assassination of Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg with George grosz, he founded die plait, a satirical   magazine.

·         Through he was a prolific producer of stage set and book jacket Heart field’s main form of expression was photomontage, Heart field produced the first political photomontage.

He mainly worked for two publications, the daily Die Rote Fanned and the weekly Arbiters Illustrierte Zeitung (AIZ), the letter of which published the word which Heart field is the best remerged.

Example picture:

EL LISSITZKY (1890-1941)

·         Trained in architecture in Germany and book illustration and painting in Russia, Lissitzky had expertise across several disciplines.

·         Trained was among the first quant gardists to revive the photogram or camera less photographic image.

·         Trained also rethought the illustrated book an architectural from, to be tabbed through, unfolded in a directions, and made into a fully three –dimensional object.

·         He survived the reversals of fortune suffered by so many politic any committed artist in the 1930, but had chronically poor health and died of tuberculosis.

Example picture:

HERBERT BAYER (1900-1985)

·         Herbert Bayer was an Australia and America graphic, painter, photographe, sculptor, art director, environmental, and architect.

·         In 1944, Bayer married Joella Syara Haweis, the daughter of poet and Dada artist Mina Lo.

·         In 1959, he designed his “phonetic alphabet “a phonetic alphabet for English.

            Bayer designed the Mill Creek canyon Earth works, an environmental                            sculpture locate in Kent, Washington.

AWARD

·         Culture prize of the German society for photography (1967)

·         Inducted into the hall of Fame by the Art Director Club (1975)

·         Honorary  doctorate from the Technical University of Graz (1977)

·         Ambassador’s Award for Excellence ( London )

Example picture:

LASZLO HOLY-NAGY (1895-1946)

·         Moholy Nagy was born Laszlo Weisz in Bacsborsod to a Jewish Hungarian family.

·         He changed his German Jewish surname to the Magyar surname of his mother’s Christian lawyer friend Nagy.

·         Immediately before and during world warl he studied law in Budapest and served in the war, where he sustained a serious injury.

·         In 1923 Moholy Nagy replaced Johannes it ten as the instructor of the foundation courage at the Beluhaus.

1944-1946

·         He coined the term “the New Vision “, for this belief that photography could create a whole new way of seeing the outside world that the human eye could not.

·         This became the Institute of Design.

·         Moholy Nagy died of leukemia in Chicago.

·         Works by him are currently on disply the National Gallery of Art in Washington.

 FUTURISM (1909-1944)

·         Reconstructing the Universe is a ground breaking mammoth exhibit of 360 work from 80 artist, poets, architect, and designers on art across more than three decades.

·         Boccioni especially impresses with sculptures that evoke a 30 twist.

·         Flippo Tommaso Marinetti (1874-1944) master minded Futurism.

·         Lie was a genius and a provocative poet.

·         Born in Egypt to Italian parents and educated in France.

·         He promoted a wordship of machines and their Promethean power as the cure for all social ills.

·         Futurism also bloomed as a “radical renewal “of language itself

·         Then, just after the launch of the Futurist movement, verse libero evolved into parole.

Example picture:

PAUL SCHUITEMA (1897-1973)

·         Paul Schuitema was a Dutch graphic artist.

·         Paui Schuitema studied at the academic Voor Beeldende kaunsten in Rotterdam.

·         In 1920, he began to work on graphic design.

·         During the final years of World War 2,” Paul Schuitema “alongwith Dan Bouman, Lou Lichtred in Eduard Verschuecren, began planning for the post war art community in the Netherland.

·         After the end of the war,” Paul “and his three partners founded the Dutch cooperative for Film Production.

·         In 1946, “Paul “presented his short film “Les Ponts De La Meuse “at the Cannes Film Festival.

·         His first America exhibition was held March, 1993 at the prakapas Gallery in New York.